Diving Literature and Sources

Cited in our guides

The primary sources behind DiveCalc's guides and calculators.

• PADI

  14 Tips to Improve Your Air Consumption

  An example of agency material pairing a typical end-of-dive pressure as “500 psi/50 bar”; the two values are a convention, not equivalent pressures.

  • Units for Divers

• Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School

  49 CFR § 173.302a: Additional requirements for shipment of nonliquefied (permanent) compressed gases in specification cylinders

  Paragraph (b) allows DOT 3A/3AA cylinders to be filled 10% above marked service pressure when elastic-expansion, wall-stress, inspection, and relief-device conditions are met, marked by a plus sign after the test date.

  • Scuba Cylinders

• Divers Alert Network

  Air, Nitrox and Fatigue

  Reviews the controlled studies: none found a reliable reduction in post-dive fatigue with Nitrox.

  • What is Nitrox?

• Divers Alert Network

  Are 6351-T6 Alloy Scuba Cylinders Safe to Use?

  States that eddy-current testing of 6351-T6 cylinders is required at hydrostatic testing by federal regulation and at visual inspection by the manufacturers.

  • Scuba Cylinders

• Extreme Physiology & Medicine (Vrijdag, van Ooij & van Hulst, 2013)

  Argon used as dry suit insulation gas for cold-water diving

  Reports argon's roughly 32% lower thermal conductivity than air, found no added insulation over air on 1-hour dives in 13 °C water, and notes that helium-based suit gas sharply reduces insulation.

  • Diving Gases Explained

• Divers Alert Network

  Ascent Rates

  • No-Decompression Limits

• Journal of Applied Physiology

  Assessment of the interaction of hyperbaric N2, CO2, and O2 on psychomotor performance in divers

  Freiberger et al. (2016): CO2, exercise, and high nitrogen pressure interacted to cause severe narcosis with amnesia, and divers' perception of narcosis did not correlate with their measured performance.

  • Nitrogen Narcosis

• Divers Alert Network

  Breathing Gases

  Supports inert-gas content setting no-decompression time, and the 1.4 working PPO2 limit that defines MOD.

  • Equivalent Air Depth
  • Nitrogen Narcosis
  • Nitrox Blending
  • Diving Gases Explained
  • What is Nitrox?

• Wikipedia

  Buddy check

  Secondary summary attributing BAR to BSAC (citing BSAC's Sport Diving manual) and SEABAG to NAUI; those agency manuals are not published online.

  • Buddy Checks

• Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine

  Change in strategy of solving psychological tests: evidence of nitrogen narcosis in shallow air-diving

  Petri (2003): chamber testing on air at 2, 3, and 4 bar found performance effects at every hyperbaric pressure, i.e. from about 10 msw.

  • Nitrogen Narcosis

• Redox Biology

  CNS function and dysfunction during exposure to hyperbaric oxygen in operational and clinical settings

  Reviews mechanisms, variability, and evidence limitations in CNS hyperbaric-oxygen toxicity.

  • CNS & OTU Tracking
  • PPO2 Safety Limits

• Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  Commercial Diving Operations: Equipment — 29 CFR 1910.430

  An example of a jurisdiction-specific rule using 40% oxygen as an equipment-design boundary; it is not a universal law of gas behavior.

  • Nitrox Blending
  • Diving Gases Explained

• Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine (UHMS, 2019)

  Comparison of argon and air as thermal insulating gases in drysuit dives during military Arctic diving equipment development tests

  Small Arctic-water study: smaller skin-temperature drops with argon than air, with no difference in rectal temperature.

  • Diving Gases Explained

• Divers Alert Network

  Composite Scuba Cylinders

  Reviews Type 3 and Type 4 composite cylinders for diving: buoyancy, service life, damage sensitivity, approvals, and cost.

  • Scuba Cylinders

• Springer

  Decompression — Decompression Sickness

  Primary description of Bühlmann decompression theory and the tissue-compartment model behind ZHL algorithms.

  • No-Decompression Limits

• Divers Alert Network

  Defensive Dive Profile Planning

  • No-Decompression Limits
  • Surface Intervals

• Divers Alert Network

  Developing Oxygen Toxicity Guidelines

  Explains the evidence limits behind operational oxygen-exposure guidance.

  • CNS & OTU Tracking
  • Understanding MOD
  • PPO2 Safety Limits

• Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine

  Dissociation of the behavioral and subjective components of nitrogen narcosis and diver adaptation

  Hamilton, Laliberté and Fowler (1995): over five daily chamber exposures equivalent to 54.6 msw, divers' subjective narcosis adapted while reaction-time impairment did not.

  • Nitrogen Narcosis

• NOAA Diving Program

  Diving Medical Technician Reference and Formulas

  Gives the EAD formula (1 − FO2) × (D + 33) ÷ 0.79 − 33 and reproduces the U.S. Navy equivalent air depth table, whose EAD is for table selection only and rounded to the next greater depth.

  • Equivalent Air Depth
  • Tank Duration
  • SAC Rate Basics
  • SAC vs RMV

• Health and Safety Executive (UK)

  Diving: Frequently asked questions

  UK guidance that BS EN standards require periodic inspection of steel and aluminium diving cylinders at least every 2.5 years.

  • Scuba Cylinders

• International Journal of Sports Medicine

  Do Environmental Conditions Contribute to Narcosis Onset and Symptom Severity?

  Lafère et al. (2016): on 33 m dives in a dry chamber, a pool, and the open sea, objectively measured narcosis did not differ between settings and persisted on surfacing and 30 minutes after the dive.

  • Nitrogen Narcosis

• Physiological Reports

  Does hyperbaric oxygen cause narcosis or hyperexcitability? A quantitative EEG analysis

  Vrijdag et al. (2022): hyperbaric oxygen did not reproduce the EEG changes seen with hyperbaric air, evidence against treating oxygen as narcotic in the same way as nitrogen.

  • Nitrogen Narcosis

• Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine

  Early detection of diving-related cognitive impairment of different nitrogen-oxygen gas mixtures using critical flicker fusion frequency

  Lafère et al. (2019): chamber dives at 0.4 MPa on air and EAN40 both showed initial arousal followed by progressive deterioration, with oxygen partial pressure modulating the response.

  • Nitrogen Narcosis

• Research in Sports Medicine

  Effects of oxygen-enriched air on cognitive performance during SCUBA-diving – an open-water study

  Brebeck et al. (2017): on a 60-minute dive to 24 msw, EAN28 divers made fewer errors on a long-term memory test only; a number-connection test showed no difference.

  • Nitrogen Narcosis

• Divers Alert Network

  Estimating Your Air Consumption

  • Turn Pressure & Thirds
  • Rock Bottom Gas
  • Tank Duration
  • SAC Rate Basics
  • SAC vs RMV

• The Scuba Doctor (Faber dealer)

  Faber 232 bar Steel Cylinder Range and Specifications

  Dealer-published Faber table used for the 12.2 L, 232 bar cylinder's tare weight and buoyancy full/empty.

  • Scuba Cylinders

• Faber / XS Scuba

  Faber Steel Cylinder Specifications

  Source of the HP100 and HP120 water volume, true capacity, weight, and seawater buoyancy figures (with valve).

  • Scuba Cylinders

• Divers Alert Network

  Flying After Diving

  States that the 2002 workshop guidelines apply to air dives followed by flights at cabin altitudes of 2,000 to 8,000 ft (610 to 2,438 m).

  • Surface Intervals

• JirkaPok on GitHub

  GasPlanner scuba-physics (pinned source revision)

  MIT-licensed reference implementation used for ZHL-16C coefficients, implementation details, and validation vectors. The comparison reproduces no proprietary dive-table rows.

  • No-Decompression Limits

• Global Underwater Explorers

  GUE Procedural Changes

  Primary source for the adoption and expansion of the GUE EDGE pre-dive sequence and for retiring its predecessor, SADDDDD.

  • Buddy Checks

• Global Underwater Explorers

  GUE Procedural Changes, August 2005: Gas Management – Minimum Gas Nomenclature

  Primary agency definition: divers keep enough gas to surface from maximum depth or distance while sharing with an out-of-gas diver, renamed from rock bottom to minimum gas, with a caution that precise gas recommendations depend on many variables.

  • Rock Bottom Gas

• Divers Alert Network

  Guidelines for Flying After Diving

  • Surface Intervals

• Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

  Hazardous Materials Regulations: Aluminum Cylinders Manufactured of Aluminum Alloy 6351-T6 Used in SCUBA, SCBA, Carbon Dioxide, and Oxygen Service (70 FR 61761)

  Describes sustained-load cracking in the neck and shoulder of 6351-T6 cylinders, names the US DOT 3AL makers, identifies affected cylinders as those made before July 1990, and describes 6061-T6 as not susceptible.

  • Scuba Cylinders

• Divers Alert Network

  Hot Tubs After Diving

  Explains that warming lowers tissue gas solubility and can promote bubbles before increased blood flow removes the gas.

  • Surface Intervals

• European Journal of Applied Physiology

  Inert gas narcosis in scuba diving, different gases different reactions

  Rocco et al. (2019), a primary study rather than a review: critical flicker fusion frequency in 60 experienced divers breathing air, trimix, or heliox on open-water dives to 6 ATA. It supports the point that oxygen and nitrogen both modulate arousal; it did not test Nitrox or establish an onset depth.

  • Nitrogen Narcosis

• Divers Alert Network

  Lessons in Gas Management

  • Turn Pressure & Thirds
  • Tank Duration
  • SAC Rate Basics

• Luxfer / XS Scuba

  Luxfer Aluminum Cylinder Specifications

  Source of the aluminum water volume, true capacity, weight, and seawater buoyancy figures (with valve, near-empty state at 500 psi / 35 bar).

  • Scuba Cylinders
  • Units for Divers
  • Weighting & Buoyancy
  • Rock Bottom Gas
  • Tank Duration
  • SAC Rate Basics
  • SAC vs RMV

• Luxfer Gas Cylinders

  Luxfer Composite Inspection Manual

  Manufacturer manual giving 15-year design lives for its DOT carbon composite cylinders (up to 20 years for some) and the three damage levels: Level 2 can be repaired, Level 3 must be rejected.

  • Scuba Cylinders

• Luxfer Gas Cylinders (hosted by Galiso)

  Luxfer's SCBA Cylinder Visual Inspection Guide, Volume Two: 1988–Present

  Luxfer guidance that its DOT composite exemptions specify three-year retests and removal from service fifteen years after the first hydrostatic test; written for SCBA, used here for the same DOT composite rules that apply to the hoop-wrapped scuba cylinder.

  • Scuba Cylinders

• Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine

  Measuring manual dexterity and anxiety in divers using a novel task at 35-41 m

  Kneller, Higham and Hobbs (2012): open-water evidence that anxiety may magnify narcotic impairment of manual dexterity at depth.

  • Nitrogen Narcosis

• Divers Alert Network

  Mistake #4: Lack of Buoyancy Control

  Explains how poor buoyancy control leads to uncontrolled ascents, barotrauma, unplanned depth, and higher air consumption, and how wetsuit compression and cylinder gas use change buoyancy during a dive.

  • Weighting & Buoyancy

• Faber Industrie

  New lighter design for Faber diving cylinders

  Manufacturer table of old versus new bare weights for the 2023 lightweight CE-marked steel cylinders.

  • Scuba Cylinders

• National Institute of Standards and Technology

  NIST Guide to the SI (SP 811), Appendix B.8: Factors for Units Listed Alphabetically

  Lists the bar (100 kPa), standard atmosphere (101,325 Pa), and foot (0.3048 m) as exact; footnote 22 gives the exact pound (0.45359237 kg). The psi and cubic-foot factors are rounded.

  • Pressure & ATA Basics
  • Units for Divers

• Divers Alert Network

  Nitrox Production Methods

  Describes partial-pressure, continuous, and membrane production; oxygen added before oxygen-compatible air; why the 40% rule is a misconception; DAN's 25% oxygen-cleaning advice; and the diver's final analysis.

  • Nitrox Blending
  • What is Nitrox?

• NOAA

  NOAA Diving Manual: Diving for Science and Technology (6th ed.)

  Reference text for diving physics, breathing gases, decompression, and oxygen exposure.

  • Pressure & ATA Basics
  • Scuba Cylinders
  • Equivalent Air Depth
  • Nitrogen Narcosis
  • CNS & OTU Tracking
  • Best Nitrox Mix
  • Nitrox Blending
  • Understanding MOD
  • Diving Gases Explained
  • SAC Rate Basics
  • SAC vs RMV

• Divers Alert Network

  Oxygen Toxicity

  Supports 1.4 ATA as the working limit and reserving 1.5–1.6 ATA for conditions at rest, such as decompression.

  • Best Nitrox Mix
  • Understanding MOD
  • Diving Gases Explained
  • What is Nitrox?
  • PPO2 Safety Limits

• Smithsonian Institution

  Proceedings of Reverse Dive Profiles Workshop (Lang & Lehner, eds.)

  Source of the 1999 workshop finding that no convincing evidence showed reverse profiles increase DCS risk, limited to no-decompression dives shallower than 40 m (130 ft) with depth differentials under 12 m (40 ft).

  • Surface Intervals

• Divers Alert Network

  Questions to Ask a New Dive Buddy

  • Buddy Checks

• DAN Europe (Alert Diver)

  Rapture of the Tech: Depth, Narcosis and Training Agencies

  Survey of training-agency practice showing that agencies are split on whether oxygen counts as narcotic in END calculations.

  • Equivalent Air Depth
  • Nitrogen Narcosis

• Wikipedia

  Rule of thirds (diving)

  Secondary summary citing Exley's NSS-CDS Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival; describes the overhead-environment origin and, for buddies with different gas volumes or breathing rates, setting the reserve from the buddy's supply so the turn comes earlier.

  • Turn Pressure & Thirds

• British Sub-Aqua Club

  Safe Diving Guide: Gas

  Says reserves depend on cylinder capacity, dive plan, and both buddies' breathing rates; a stressed diver can breathe 50 L/min or more at the start of an incident; and a reserve should not be used to extend the dive.

  • Turn Pressure & Thirds
  • Rock Bottom Gas

• British Sub-Aqua Club

  Safe Diving Guide: Going diving (Buddy checks)

  BSAC recommendation that buddies perform a mutual equipment check immediately before entering the water, including gas, cylinder valves, and the agreed out-of-gas response.

  • Buddy Checks

• NIOSH (CDC)

  Safety Precautions for Certain DOT-3AL Aluminum SCBA Cylinders

  States that DOT requires requalification of seamless DOT-3AL cylinders every five years and of aluminum-lined hoop-wrapped composite cylinders every three years.

  • Scuba Cylinders

• Divers Alert Network

  Scuba Cylinder Rundown

  • Scuba Cylinders
  • Units for Divers
  • Weighting & Buoyancy
  • Tank Duration
  • SAC vs RMV

• Catalina Cylinders

  Scuba Cylinder Specifications

  Manufacturer data illustrating rated capacity, working pressure, dimensions, and buoyancy.

  • Scuba Cylinders
  • Weighting & Buoyancy

• Luxfer Gas Cylinders

  SCUBA: L6X hoop-wrap cylinder

  Manufacturer specification for the S106W 300 bar hoop-wrapped composite, including its seawater buoyancy full, half, and empty, and Luxfer's claim that its L6X range is the world's only 300 bar hoop-wrapped composite scuba cylinder.

  • Scuba Cylinders

• American Academy of Underwater Sciences

  Standards for Scientific Diving

  • Diving Gases Explained

• Kirby Morgan Dive Systems

  Supply Pressure Requirements & Tables (section 1.3, Work Rate Expressed as RMV)

  Reproduces the U.S. Navy Diving Manual work-rate table: rest 7–10, light work 10–20, and moderate work 20–37 L/min RMV (0.35–0.7 and 0.7–1.3 cu ft/min). Context for the recreational bands, which are informal rather than published by this source.

  • SAC Rate Basics
  • SAC vs RMV

• Luxfer Gas Cylinders

  Sustained-load cracking: why 6351-alloy cylinders need eddy-current inspection

  Manufacturer guidance that eddy-current testing aids, but does not replace, a trained visual inspection of 6351-alloy cylinders, and which devices Luxfer approves for its 6351 and 6061 cylinders.

  • Scuba Cylinders

• Springer Berlin Heidelberg

  Tauchmedizin (4th ed., 1995)

  Primary publication for the Bühlmann decompression model family used by the repetitive-dive explainer.

  • No-Decompression Limits
  • Surface Intervals

• Wikipedia

  Testing and inspection of diving cylinders

  Secondary summary of national intervals: US five-year hydrostatic test with annual visual inspection as an industry rather than DOT requirement, EU 2.5-year visual and five-year hydrostatic intervals, and Australian 12-month testing; it cites the underlying standards.

  • Scuba Cylinders

• Divers Alert Network

  The Importance of a Predive Safety Check

  • Buddy Checks

• The Open University (OpenLearn)

  The oceans: 3.2 The density of fresh water and seawater

  Gives surface seawater density as about 1024 to 1028 kg per cubic meter, roughly 24 to 28 kg per cubic meter denser than fresh water.

  • Weighting & Buoyancy

• Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine

  The relative safety of forward and reverse diving profiles

  Guinea-pig experiment (McInnes, Edmonds, and Bennett, 2005) in which reverse multilevel and repetitive profiles produced significantly more severe DCS than forward profiles; contrary animal evidence that questions the workshop recommendation.

  • Surface Intervals

• PADI

  The Science Behind How Dive Computers Work

  • No-Decompression Limits

• InDEPTH Magazine

  The Thought Process Behind GUE's CCR Configuration

  Defines Minimum Gas as the gas two divers need to ascend safely to the first gas switch, and shows GUE's bailout calculation using a 3 m / 10 ft per minute ascent for added conservatism; calls such reserves estimates.

  • Rock Bottom Gas

• Technical Diving International

  Three Safety Protocols for Technical Diving

  Explains the START pre-dive check used in TDI technical-diving training.

  • Buddy Checks

• SPUMS Journal (South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society)

  Tolerating Oxygen Exposure

  Reproduces the NOAA single-exposure and 24-hour oxygen limits developed with C. J. Lambertsen, gives the OTU equation and its 0.5 bar threshold, and the Repex daily limits from 850 OTU for one day to 300 OTU/day; it describes CNS clock interpolation and the dive-computer recovery decay as empirical, not physiological.

  • CNS & OTU Tracking
  • PPO2 Safety Limits

• Naval Sea Systems Command (GovInfo archive)

  U.S. Navy Diving Manual, Revision 7

  Chapter 2 treats 33 feet of seawater as one atmosphere (14.7 psi), tabulates 33/66/99 fsw as 2/3/4 ata, distinguishes gauge from absolute pressure, and notes that metric practice defines 10 msw as 1 bar.

  • Pressure & ATA Basics
  • Units for Divers

• Naval Sea Systems Command

  U.S. Navy Diving Manual, Revision 7

  Its residual nitrogen time table starts surface intervals at 10 minutes, and its air tables specify a 30 fsw/min ascent rate.

  • No-Decompression Limits
  • Surface Intervals

• InDEPTH Magazine

  Was Sheck Wrong?

  Stratis Kas (2025): the rule of thirds is popularly credited to cave diver Sheck Exley, who framed it as a minimum, and it does not account for stress raising consumption on the exit.

  • Turn Pressure & Thirds

• PADI

  Weight For It: Weighting and Descent Techniques for Perfect Buoyancy

  Describes an empty-BCD, normal-breath eye-level check, a full-exhale slow descent, and the need to avoid kicking or sculling.

  • Weighting & Buoyancy

• Divers Alert Network

  Weight Up!

  Source of the 5 percent (3 mm suit) and 10 percent (6 mm full wetsuit) body-weight starting points, and explains why equipment, exposure protection, water type, body composition, trim, and both over- and underweighting must be considered together.

  • Weighting & Buoyancy

• AMS Composite Cylinders

  Weight, Cost, Performance – Specifying NLL Composite Cylinders in Oxygen Therapy

  Manufacturer note that 15 years was the industry standard for fully wrapped cylinders and that 2013 ISO changes enabled non-limited-life (NLL) designs retested every five years.

  • Scuba Cylinders

• PADI

  What Is Nitrox?

  Supports Nitrox extending no-decompression limits through lower nitrogen absorption, and the shallower maximum operating depth of richer mixes.

  • Equivalent Air Depth
  • Best Nitrox Mix
  • What is Nitrox?

Buoyancy

• PaperFree online

  Body Mass Index as a Measure of Body Fatness: Age- and Sex-Specific Prediction Formulas

  Deurenberg, Paul; Weststrate, Jan A.; Seidell, Jaap C. · 1991 · British Journal of Nutrition

• PaperPaywalled

  A Formula to Estimate the Approximate Surface Area if Height and Weight Be Known

  DuBois, D.; DuBois, E.F. · 1916 · Archives of Internal Medicine (now JAMA Internal Medicine)

• PaperFree online

  Dependence of Thermal Comfort of Diving Suit on Neoprene Properties and Diving Depth

  Potočić Matković, Vesna Marija; Salopek Čubrić, Ivana; Pavko Čuden, Alenka · 2025 · Polymers

  Measured neoprene compressive displacement at depth-equivalent pressures, cross-checking suit-lift loss with depth.

• ThreadFree online

  Optimal Buoyancy Computer

  rsingler · 2019 · ScubaBoard

• PaperPrint only

  Body Composition From Fluid Spaces and Density

  Siri, William E. · 1956 · Donner Laboratory, University of California

CCR

• ArticleFree online

  Pushing the Envelope: New Research into the Physiology of Deep Rebreather Diving

  Blömeke, Tim · 2022 · DAN Europe (Alert Diver Europe)

  Summary of 2021 field studies showing dehydration, lung-function loss and unpredictable bubbling after deep CCR dives.

• BookPaywalled

  Mastering Rebreathers, 2nd Edition

  Bozanic, Jeffrey E. · 2010 · Best Publishing Company

  Agency-neutral textbook on rebreather physics, physiology, procedures and maintenance.

• ArticleFree online

  Understanding and Safe Use of PPO2 Set-Points for CCR

  Havard, Mark · 2002 · ccr-training.com

  Practitioner's account of diluent switch and loop-flush mechanics behind the two-flush consumption charge.

• PaperFree online

  Rebreather Forum Four Consensus Statements

  Mitchell, Simon J.; Pollock, Neal W. · 2023 · Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine

  Current industry consensus on rebreather training, checklists, oxygen and CO2 monitoring and incident reporting.

• ReportFree online

  Rebreather Forum 3 Proceedings

  Vann, Richard D.; Denoble, Petar J.; Pollock, Neal W. · 2014 · AAUS / DAN / PADI

  Consensus statements and expert papers on rebreather physiology, design, training and incident data from the 2012 forum.

• ManualFree online

  Perdix Operating Instructions Manual

  Shearwater Research · Shearwater Research

  Documents five closed-circuit diluent slots switchable mid-dive, hardware confirmation for multi-diluent planning.

• BlogFree online

  Which CCR Diluent Fits Your Dive Profile?

  Silent Diving · Silent Diving

Community

• ThreadFree online

  r/diving CCR Planner Feedback

  2026 · Reddit

  Field feedback that shaped the diluent-switch model, the two-flush charge, and the EU 232 bar CCR bottle entries.

• ThreadFree online

  Current State of Deco Planning Apps

  2026 · ScubaBoard

  Instructors and tec divers comparing planning apps, showing demand for cross-platform support and consistent mobile UI.

• ThreadFree online

  Deep Stops Increases DCS

  Divetech99 · 2014 · ScubaBoard

  The original 131-page ScubaBoard deep-stops thread that the community still links as the reference argument.

• ThreadFree online

  NEDU Study

  klausi · 2017 · ScubaBoard

  34-page technical debate of the NEDU trial's applicability to trimix diving, with contributions from researchers.

• ThreadFree online

  Recommended Decompression Theory Manual or Book

  LFMarm · 2022 · ScubaBoard

  Recent consensus that Deco for Divers, then Deep Into Deco and Powell's Technical Diving, are the books to read.

• ThreadFree online

  Technical Diving Reading List (add your book suggestions here)

  DevonDiver · 2012 · ScubaBoard

  Community-curated book list (Gurr, Powell, Gentile, Jablonski, Wienke, Chowdhury and others).

• ThreadFree online

  Why 2 Gradient Factors?

  Nelson_ · 2023 · ScubaBoard

  Nine-page thread explaining the bubble-model origin of split GFs and the current drift toward near-equal GF Low and High.

Conventions

• StandardPaywalled

  EN 13319:2000: Diving Accessories. Depth Gauges and Combined Depth and Time Measuring Devices

  CEN · 2000 · European Committee for Standardization / BSI

• PaperFree online

  Algorithms for Computation of Fundamental Properties of Seawater

  UNESCO · 1983 · UNESCO (Technical Papers in Marine Science 44)

Cylinders

• ArticleFree online

  Calculating SCUBA Cylinder Capacities

  Dive Gear Express · Dive Gear Express

• ArticleFree online

  Z Factors for SCUBA

  Dive Gear Express · Dive Gear Express

• WebsiteFree online

  Diving Cylinder

  Wikipedia contributors · Wikipedia

  Documents the US free-gas and European water-volume (ISO 13769) cylinder sizing conventions side by side.

Deco theory

• ArticleFree online

  Understanding M-values

  Baker, Erik C. · Shearwater Research

  Plain-language explanation of M-values and the decompression zone behind the gradient-factor method.

• PaperFree online

  Pre-dive Whole-Body Vibration Better Reduces Decompression-Induced Vascular Gas Emboli than Oxygenation or a Combination of Both

  Balestra, Costantino; Theunissen, Sigrid; Papadopoulou, Virginie; Le Mener, Cedric; Germonpré, Peter; Guerrero, François; Lafère, Pierre · 2016 · Frontiers in Physiology

  Preconditioning evidence: pre-dive vibration cut post-dive bubbles about 84%, oxygen about 24%.

• BookPaywalled

  Diving Physiology in Plain English

  Bookspan, Jolie · 1995 · Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society

  Plain-language diving physiology text for recreational divers and instructors.

• PaperFree online

  Dive Risk Factors, Gas Bubble Formation, and Decompression Illness in Recreational SCUBA Diving: Analysis of DAN Europe DSL Data Base

  Cialoni, Danilo; Pieri, Massimo; Balestra, Costantino; Marroni, Alessandro · 2017 · Frontiers in Psychology

  39,099 recorded dives: mean GF High 0.66, bubble grade tracked BMI, fat mass and age; most DCS cases fell inside 'safe' algorithm limits.

• BookFree online

  Decompression Sickness (Health and Diving Reference Series)

  Pollock, Neal W.; Denoble, Petar J. · 2020 · Divers Alert Network

  DAN's free reference on DCS mechanisms, dive-computer use, diagnosis, treatment and contributing factors.

• ArticleFree online

  Guidelines for Patent Foramen Ovale and Diving

  Divers Alert Network; Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society · 2015 · Divers Alert Network

  Consensus guidance on when to test for a PFO and how to manage diving with one.

• WebsiteFree online

  Diving Medical Research and Diving Physiology

  DAN Europe · DAN Europe

  Entry point to DAN Europe's research programme, Diving Safety Laboratory data collection and publication list.

• PaperFree online

  Recreational Technical Diving Part 2: Decompression From Deep Technical Dives

  Doolette, David J.; Mitchell, Simon J. · 2013 · Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine

  Reviews deep technical decompression practice and the evidence against excessive deep stops.

• ArticleFree online

  Diving with a PFO

  Ebersole, Douglas · 2024 · DAN World (Alert Diver)

  Cardiologist's diver-facing summary of PFO prevalence, DCS risk and management options.

• PaperPaywalled

  Preconditioning to Reduce Decompression Stress in Scuba Divers

  Germonpré, Peter; Balestra, Costantino · 2017 · Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance

  Review of pre-dive interventions (exercise, heat, vibration, oxygen, hydration, dark chocolate) that lower bubble scores.

• PaperFree online

  The Influence of Thermal Exposure on Diver Susceptibility to Decompression Sickness

  Gerth, Wayne A.; Ruterbusch, Victor L.; Long, Edwin T. · 2007 · US Navy Experimental Diving Unit (NEDU TR 06-07)

  The warm/cold trial: cold on the bottom and warm during decompression gave the lowest DCS risk; warm bottom and cold deco the highest.

• BlogFree online

  Why Is Bühlmann Not Like Bühlmann?

  Helling, Ralf · 2017 · The Theoretical Diver

  Explains why two planners that both claim Bühlmann ZH-L16C can still hand you different stops.

• PaperFree online

  Post-Dive Decompression Bubbles in Scuba Divers: A Scoping Review

  Jones, Bethany; Ducker, Kagan J.; Haseler, Luke; Buzzacott, Peter · 2026 · International Maritime Health

  Review of 172 bubble-imaging studies covering consequences, risk factors and prevention of venous gas emboli.

• ArticleFree online

  Deco: Are We Any Closer to the Truth?

  Kas, Stratis · 2026 · InDepth

  Doolette, Jablonski, Powell and Mitchell in one roundtable on gradient factors, acceptable risk and what remains unknown.

• ArticleFree online

  Beyond Bubbles

  Kjøller, Jesper · 2025 · InDepth

  Report on DAN Europe ultrasound monitoring of repetitive deep dives showing bubble counts rising over a week of diving.

• BookPaywalled

  Deeper Into Diving: An In-depth Review of Decompression Procedures and of the Physical and Physiological Aspects of Deeper Diving

  Lippmann, John; Mitchell, Simon J. · 2005 · J.L. Publications

  Compares US Navy, DCIEM, Bühlmann, BSAC and RDP tables in one place, with a technical-diving section.

• PaperFree online

  Identification of DCS Risk Factors in Recreational Diving: Multifactorial Model Based on the DAN DSL Database 2024

  Marroni, Alessandro; Kot, Jacek; Pieri, Massimo; Pelliccia, Riccardo; Balestra, Costantino · 2026 · International Maritime Health

  Twelve independent DCS risk factors from 127,957 recreational dives, led by surface supersaturation gradient, sex, mixed gases, pre-dive exercise, thermal state and workload.

• ArticleFree online

  Could Optimising a Diver's Hydration and Temperature Improve Their Decompression Safety?

  Menduno, Michael · 2022 · DAN Europe (Alert Diver Europe)

  Diver-facing summary of the NEDU warm/cold findings and hydration evidence on DCS risk.

• ArticleFree online

  Identifying Decompression Risk Factors

  Menduno, Michael · 2019 · DAN Europe (Alert Diver Europe)

  Plain-language account of the DAN Europe DSL analysis of about 40,000 dives and which factors tracked bubbles.

• PaperFree online

  Decompression Illness: A Comprehensive Overview

  Mitchell, Simon J. · 2024 · Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine

  Current 53-page review of DCI pathophysiology, risk factors, prevention and treatment, the standard citation for DCS mechanisms.

• ManualFree online

  Nitrox No-Decompression Tables

  NOAA Office of Marine and Aviation Operations · 2016 · NOAA

• ArticleFree online

  Timing Exercise and Diving

  Pollock, Neal W. · 2015 · Divers Alert Network (Alert Diver)

  DAN's guidance to separate high-intensity exercise from diving, especially in the 24 hours after a dive.

• BookLendable scan

  Deco for Divers

  Powell, Mark · 2008 · AquaPress

  Accessible book-length treatment of decompression theory for divers.

• VideoFree online

  Deco Myths by Mark Powell (Diving Presentation)

  Powell, Mark · 2023 · Dirty Dozen Expeditions (YouTube)

  Powell debunking common decompression myths for technical divers.

• VideoFree online

  Mark Powell: Intro to Deco Theory & Deep Stops

  Powell, Mark · 2020 · Dive Spear and Sport (YouTube)

  The most-watched Powell lecture, a virtual-classroom introduction to decompression theory and the deep-stops debate.

• BookPaywalled

  Deep Into Deco Revised and Updated: The Diver's Decompression Textbook

  Salama, Asser · 2018 · Best Publishing Company

  Book-length walk-through of how commercial planners compute schedules, the usual second recommendation after Deco for Divers.

• ManualFree online

  U.S. Navy Diving Manual, Revision 7 Change A

  Naval Sea Systems Command · 2018 · US Navy (NAVSEA SS521-AG-PRO-010)

  Official public air and mixed-gas tables, oxygen exposure limits and treatment tables.

• PodcastFree online

  UTD Podcast #25 - Decompression with Dr. Simon Mitchell

  Mitchell, Simon J. · 2021 · UTD Scuba Diving Podcast

  48-minute discussion of breathing mechanics, gas density, CO2 and temperature as decompression-stress factors.

• PaperPaywalled

  The Oxygen Window and Decompression Bubbles: Estimates and Significance

  Van Liew, Hugh D.; Conkin, Johnny; Burkard, Mark E. · 1993 · Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine

  Quantifies the oxygen window and its effect on bubble shrinkage, the physiology behind high-oxygen deco gases.

• PaperFree online

  Calculation of Decompression Schedules for Nitrogen-Oxygen and Helium-Oxygen Dives

  Workman, Robert D. · 1965 · US Navy Experimental Diving Unit (Research Report 6-65)

  Introduces the linear M-value that gradient factors slide a schedule between.

Emergencies

• ReportFree online

  DAN Annual Diving Report

  Divers Alert Network · Divers Alert Network

  Annual statistics and case analyses of diving fatalities, injuries and incidents, including technical-diving data.

• ArticleFree online

  Decompression Illness: What Is It and What Is the Treatment?

  Divers Alert Network · Divers Alert Network

  DAN's plain explanation of decompression illness signs and treatment.

• ArticleFree online

  DAN Emergency Hotline

  Divers Alert Network · Divers Alert Network

  DAN's 24-hour emergency line and regional numbers for dive injuries.

• ArticleFree online

  Immersion Pulmonary Edema

  Gouin, Emmanuel; Dugrenot, Emmanuel · 2024 · Divers Alert Network

  DAN's current summary of IPE mechanisms and risk factors, including rebreather work of breathing.

• ArticleFree online

  Immersion Pulmonary Oedema: A Diving Safety Concern?

  Thomas, Guy · 2023 · DAN Europe (Alert Diver Europe)

  Field guidance on recognising IPO and why it is mistaken for a gas-supply problem.

Gas blending

• StandardPaywalled

  EN 12021: Respiratory Equipment. Compressed Gases for Breathing Apparatus

  CEN · 2014 · European Committee for Standardization / BSI

• BookPrint only

  Oxygen Hacker's Companion

  Harlow, Vance · Airspeed Press

  Practitioner's reference on partial-pressure and continuous blending, and oxygen-cleaning practice.

• WebsiteFree online

  Tec Gas Blender

  PADI · PADI

  PADI's own course description for blending nitrox and helium-blend gases.

• WebsiteFree online

  Nitrox Gas Blender

  TDI · TDI

  TDI's own course description for the certification behind partial-pressure and continuous blending practice.

• WebsiteFree online

  Gas Blending for Scuba Diving

  Wikipedia contributors · Wikipedia

  General survey of blending methods (partial pressure, continuous, membrane) for orientation.

Gas density

• PaperFree online

  Respiratory Physiology of Rebreather Diving

  Anthony, T. Gregory; Mitchell, Simon J. · 2016 · NOAA/NPS/DAN/AAUS (Rebreathers and Scientific Diving Proceedings)

• PaperPaywalled

  Hyperbaric Conditions

  Doolette, David J.; Mitchell, Simon J. · 2011 · Comprehensive Physiology

  Broad review tying gas density, work of breathing, narcosis and decompression together in one place.

• PaperFree online

  Respiration and Gas Exchange During a 14-Day Continuous Exposure to 5.2% O2 in N2 at Pressure Equivalent to 100 FSW

  Lambertsen, Christian J.; Gelfand, R., et al. · 1973 · Aerospace Medicine

  Early controlled human data on breathing dense gas continuously for days at depth.

• PodcastFree online

  E069 - Prof Simon Mitchell 2 - Gas Density & Other Issues

  Davis, Steve; Mitchell, Simon J. · 2021 · Speaking Sidemount

  Mitchell on gas density, CO2 retention and work of breathing as factors in dive accidents.

• PaperFree online

  CO2 Retention With Minimal Symptoms but Severe Dysfunction During Wet Simulated Dives to 6.8 ATA

  Warkander, D.E.; Norfleet, W.T.; Nagasawa, G.K.; Lundgren, C.E.G. · 1990 · Undersea Biomedical Research

  Shows CO2 trouble from dense gas can arrive suddenly with little warning, the danger behind density warnings.

Gas planning

• ManualFree online

  BSAC Safe Diving: Your Guide to the Safe Practice of Sports Diving

  British Sub-Aqua Club · 2020 · BSAC

  BSAC National Diving Committee's A to Z of safe practice, including gas planning, ascent rates and buddy procedures.

• ManualPrint only

  NOAA Diving Manual

  NOAA · NOAA

  Air-consumption, gas-planning, nitrox and gas-blending chapters used as a cross-check reference.

Gas selection

• ArticleFree online

  Standard Gases: The Simplicity of Everyone Singing the Same Song

  InDepth · InDepth

Gradient factors

• PaperPaywalled

  Dive Computer Decompression Models and Algorithms: Philosophical and Practical Views

  Angelini, Sergio · 2018 · Underwater Technology (Society for Underwater Technology)

  Manufacturer-side (Mares) account of how dive-computer algorithms and gradient factors are implemented in practice.

• ArticleFree online

  Clearing Up the Confusion About Deep Stops

  Baker, Erik C. · Shearwater Research

• ArticleFree online

  Deep Stops

  CMAS · CMAS

  CMAS fact sheet summarising the deep-stops debate and current recommendations.

• ArticleFree online

  Gradient Factors (GF) and Dive Computers

  CMAS · CMAS

  CMAS fact sheet explaining gradient factors as configured on dive computers.

• ArticleFree online

  Deep Stops

  Denoble, Petar J. · 2010 · Divers Alert Network (Alert Diver)

  Expert roundtable advising recreational divers to follow their computer rather than add ad hoc deep stops.

• ArticleFree online

  Gradient Factors

  Divers Alert Network · Divers Alert Network

  DAN's diver-facing explanation of what gradient factors mean and how they change a dive plan.

• BlogFree online

  Gradient Factor Comparison: 60m Trimix Case-Study

  Davis, Andy · 2019 · Scuba Tech Philippines

  Worked MultiDeco comparison of GF 30/85, 55/85 and 70/85 on a 60 m trimix dive.

• BlogFree online

  A Logical Application of Gradient Factors Settings for Open-Circuit Tech Divers

  Davis, Andy · 2019 · Scuba Tech Philippines

  Practical rule of aligning the first stop with the first gas switch by tuning GF Low rather than chasing deep stops.

• PaperFree online

  Selecting Optimal Air Diving Gradient Factors for Belgian Military Divers: More Conservative Settings Are Not Necessarily Safer

  De Ridder, Sven; Pattyn, Nathalie; Neyt, Xavier; Germonpré, Peter · 2023 · Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine

  The Belgian military study: low GF Low (30/70 default) deepens first stops and loads slow tissues; symmetrical GF 75/75 to 95/95 matched validated air tables better.

• ArticleFree online

  Gradient Factors in a Post-Deep-Stops World

  Doolette, David J. · 2019 · InDepth

  Explains why GF Low should sit close to GF High rather than pulling stops artificially deep.

• BlogFree online

  Setting Gradient Factors Based on Published Probability of DCS

  Fraedrich, Doug · 2019 · The Theoretical Diver

  Method for choosing GF Low of 55 or more and GF High of 55 to 80 from published DCS probability data, scaled by dive severity.

• ArticleFree online

  Part Three: Bubble-wise, Pound-foolish. Are Deep Stops Dangerous?

  Jablonski, Jarrod · 2019 · InDepth

  GUE's own account of moving from bubble models to shallower-biased gradient factors after the NEDU trial.

• ArticleFree online

  NEDU Deep Stop Summary

  Kas, Stratis · 2019 · InDepth

  Short plain-language digest of the NEDU deep-stops trial for divers who will not read TR 11-06.

• PaperFree online

  Deep Versus Shallow Decompression Stops: Illustration of Different Decompression Strategies Used in Technical Diving

  Marroni, Alessandro; Pieri, Massimo; Imbert, Jean-Pierre; Pelliccia, Riccardo; Arena, Mario; Marroni, Laura; Germonpré, Peter; Cialoni, Danilo; Balestra, Costantino · 2026 · International Maritime Health

  DAN Europe field comparison on 40 m trimix dives where the deeper-stop schedule produced fewer venous gas emboli.

• VideoFree online

  Decompression Controversies

  Mitchell, Simon J. · 2016 · DAN Southern Africa (YouTube)

  The most-watched Mitchell lecture on deep stops, bubble models and gradient factors.

• VideoFree online

  Deco Theory with Prof. Simon Mitchell, Part 3/3: Deep Stops, the Good the Bad and the How We Changed

  Mitchell, Simon J. · 2021 · UTD Scuba Diving (YouTube)

  Mitchell explaining to a ratio-deco agency's audience why the community moved away from deep stops.

• VideoFree online

  Dr Simon Mitchell: What Is Optimal Decompression?

  Mitchell, Simon J. · 2020 · #NurkowiePomagajmySobie (YouTube)

  Lockdown-era webinar with Q&A giving Mitchell's summary of the evidence for shallower-biased decompression.

• PaperFree online

  Redistribution of Decompression Stop Time From Shallow to Deep Stops Increases Incidence of Decompression Sickness in Air Decompression Dives

  Doolette, David J.; Gerth, Wayne A.; Gault, Keith A. · 2011 · US Navy Experimental Diving Unit (NEDU TR 11-06)

  The deep-stops trial: more decompression sickness on the deep-stops schedule than on a shallow-biased one.

• BlogFree online

  Evolving Thought on Deep Decompression Stops

  PADI Pros · 2023 · PADI (PADI Pros blog)

  PADI's professional-facing summary of NEDU, Spisni and Mitchell's position on deep stops.

• BlogFree online

  Flexible Control of Decompression Stress

  Shearwater Research · Shearwater Research

  Manufacturer's explanation of using gradient factors to flexibly tune decompression conservatism.

• PodcastFree online

  E068 - Prof Simon Mitchell - A Line Under Deep Stops

  Davis, Steve; Mitchell, Simon J. · 2021 · Speaking Sidemount

  Interview covering deep stops, PFOs, dehydration, temperature, workload and light exercise during decompression.

• PaperFree online

  A Comparative Evaluation of Two Decompression Procedures for Technical Diving Using Inflammatory Responses: Compartmental Versus Ratio Deco

  Spisni, Enzo; Marabotti, Claudio; De Fazio, Luigia; Valerii, Maria Chiara; Cavazza, Elena; Brambilla, Stefano; Hoxha, Klarida; L'Abbate, Antonio; Longobardi, Pasquale · 2017 · Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine

  Field evidence that ratio deco (deeper stops) raised inflammatory markers versus GF 30/85 on a 50 m trimix dive with no bubble difference.

• BlogFree online

  Gradient Factors (post series)

  Helling, Ralf · The Theoretical Diver

  Ongoing series re-deriving gradient-factor mechanics with runnable code, an independent reproducible check.

• ReportFree online

  Decompression and the Deep Stop Workshop Proceedings

  Bennett, Peter B.; Wienke, Bruce R.; Mitchell, Simon J. · 2008 · Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society

  The 2008 expert workshop that framed the deep-stops debate before the NEDU trial reported.

• BlogFree online

  Gradient Factors for Dummies

  Watts, Kevin · 2013 · Scuba Tech Philippines (originally rebreatherworld.com)

  The most-shared beginner explanation of what GF Low and GF High do to a Bühlmann schedule.

HPNS

• BookPaywalled

  Bennett and Elliott's Physiology and Medicine of Diving

  Brubakk, Alf O.; Neuman, Tom S. · 2003 · Saunders

ICD

• ArticleFree online

  Isobaric Counter Diffusion

  Burton, Steve · 2004 · scubaengineer.com

• PaperFree online

  Biophysical Basis for Inner Ear Decompression Sickness

  Doolette, David J.; Mitchell, Simon J. · 2003 · Journal of Applied Physiology

  Mechanism-based model of inner-ear bubble formation that makes the rule of fifths an advisory, not a hard rule.

• BlogFree online

  Isobaric Counter-Diffusion Criteria

  Helling, Ralf · 2018 · The Theoretical Diver

  Worked, quantitative derivation of where isobaric counter-diffusion thresholds come from.

Oxygen handling

• StandardPaywalled

  Standard Guide for Cleanliness Levels and Cleaning Methods for Materials and Equipment Used in Oxygen-Enriched Environments

  ASTM International · ASTM International

• StandardPaywalled

  CGA G-4.1: Cleaning Equipment for Oxygen Service

  Compressed Gas Association · Compressed Gas Association

Oxygen toxicity

• ArticleFree online

  Oxygen Toxicity Calculations

  Baker, Erik C. · Shearwater Research

• PaperPrint only

  Pulmonary Oxygen Tolerance in Man and Derivation of Pulmonary Oxygen Tolerance Curves

  Clark, James M.; Lambertsen, Christian J. · 1970 · Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania (Report 1-70)

  Experimental basis for the pulmonary oxygen tolerance curves the daily OTU limit is built on.

• PaperPrint only

  REPEX: Development of Repetitive Excursions, Surfacing Techniques, and Oxygen Procedures for Habitat Diving

  Hamilton, R.W., et al. · 1988 · National Undersea Research Program (Technical Report 88-1A)

  Source of the practical multi-day OTU dose limits used for oxygen accounting over repeated dives.

• BlogFree online

  Shearwater and the CNS Oxygen Clock

  Shearwater Research · Shearwater Research

Real gas

• DatasetFree online

  NIST Chemistry WebBook: Thermophysical Properties of Fluid Systems

  NIST · NIST

• PaperFree online

  An Equation of State for the Thermodynamic Properties of Helium

  Ortiz Vega, Diego; Hall, Kenneth; Holste, James; Harvey, Allan H.; Lemmon, Eric W. · 2023 · NIST (NISTIR 8474)

• PaperPaywalled

  A New Form of the Equation of State for Pure Substances and Its Application to Oxygen

  Schmidt, Rainer; Wagner, Wolfgang · 1985 · Fluid Phase Equilibria

• PaperPaywalled

  A Reference Equation of State for the Thermodynamic Properties of Nitrogen for Temperatures From 63.151 to 1000 K and Pressures to 2200 MPa

  Span, Roland; Lemmon, Eric W.; Jacobsen, Richard T.; Wagner, Wolfgang; Yokozeki, Akira · 2000 · Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data

Training

• WebsiteFree online

  BSAC

  BSAC · British Sub-Aqua Club

  BSAC's technical training path: Sports Diver and Dive Leader, then decompression, extended range and trimix courses.

• BookPaywalled

  The Last Dive: A Father and Son's Fatal Descent into the Ocean's Depths

  Chowdhury, Bernie · 2000 · HarperCollins

  Case-study narrative of the Rouse deaths, recommended as a lessons-learned read before deep or mixed-gas diving.

• WebsiteFree online

  CMAS

  CMAS · Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques

  CMAS's one to three star grade path, then nitrox and trimix through national federations.

• ManualFree online

  GUE General Training Standards, Policies, and Procedures, Version 10.4

  Global Underwater Explorers · 2026 · GUE

  GUE course limits, standard gases and equipment requirements, the source for GUE's Fundamentals to Tech 2 path.

• WebsiteFree online

  GUE

  GUE · Global Underwater Explorers

  GUE's technical training path: Fundamentals, then Tech 1 and Tech 2 on standard gases.

• BookPaywalled

  Technical Diving from the Bottom Up

  Gurr, Kevin · 2004 · Periscope Publishing

  Broad technical-diving textbook covering configuration, mixed-gas decompression and rebreathers.

• WebsiteFree online

  IANTD

  IANTD · International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers

  IANTD's technical training path: Advanced Nitrox, Technical Diver, Normoxic Trimix, Trimix.

• BookPaywalled

  Doing It Right: The Fundamentals of Better Diving

  Jablonski, Jarrod · 2001 · Global Underwater Explorers

  Primary statement of the DIR approach behind GUE standard gases, team procedures and gas planning.

• BookPaywalled

  The Six Skills and Other Discussions: Creative Solutions for Technical Divers

  Lewis, Steve · 2011 · Techdiver Publishing

  Widely recommended primer on the non-textbook skills and judgement technical divers need.

• BookPaywalled

  Staying Alive: Applying Risk Management to Advanced Scuba Diving

  Lewis, Steve · 2014 · Techdiver Publishing

  Risk-management framing of why advanced-diving fatalities happen and how established limits prevent them.

• BookPaywalled

  Under Pressure: Diving Deeper with Human Factors

  Lock, Gareth · 2019 · Human in the System Consulting (The Human Diver)

  Standard reference on human factors, just culture and non-technical skills in diving incidents.

• PaperFree online

  Recreational Technical Diving Part 1: An Introduction to Technical Diving Methods and Activities

  Mitchell, Simon J.; Doolette, David J. · 2013 · Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine

  Peer-reviewed definition of technical diving, its gases and procedures; companion to Part 2 already in the dataset.

• WebsiteFree online

  NAUI

  NAUI · National Association of Underwater Instructors

  NAUI's technical training path: Deep and Nitrox, then NAUI Technical decompression and trimix courses.

• WebsiteFree online

  PADI

  PADI · PADI

  PADI's technical training path: Deep Diver to 40 m, then TecRec Tec 40, Tec 45, Tec 50, Tec Trimix.

• BookPaywalled

  Technical Diving: An Introduction

  Powell, Mark · 2018 · Aquapress

  Companion to Deco for Divers covering technical-diving approach, equipment, skills and rebreathers.

• WebsiteFree online

  RAID

  RAID · RAID

  RAID's technical training path: Deep and Advanced Nitrox, then Deco 40, Deco 50 and trimix.

• ManualFree online

  SDI Standards and Procedures Manual, Part 2: Diver Standards

  Scuba Diving International · 2026 · SDI

  Recreational course limits and prerequisites for SDI certifications.

• WebsiteFree online

  SSI

  SSI · Scuba Schools International

  SSI's technical training path: Deep Diving and Enriched Air, then Extended Range nitrox, trimix and hypoxic trimix.

• Course materialFree online

  TDI Standards and Procedures, Part 2: Diver Standards, Section 7: Advanced Nitrox Diver

  Technical Diving International · 2026 · TDI

  Defines EAN21 to 100% oxygen use to 40 m and the oxygen-limit content of TDI Advanced Nitrox.

• Course materialFree online

  TDI Standards and Procedures, Part 2: Diver Standards, Section 8: Decompression Procedures Diver

  Technical Diving International · 2026 · TDI

  Defines the 45 m limit and content of TDI's entry-level staged-decompression course.

• ManualFree online

  TDI Standards and Procedures Manual, Part 2: Diver Standards

  Technical Diving International · 2026 · TDI

  Course prerequisites, depth limits and required skills for every TDI diver course.

• WebsiteFree online

  TDI

  TDI · Technical Diving International

  TDI's technical training path: Advanced Nitrox, Decompression Procedures, Extended Range, Trimix, Advanced Trimix.